# Anatomy and Physiology Cheat Sheet ## Basic Definitions - Anatomy: Study of structure - Physiology: Study of function - Pathology: Study of disease - Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes ## Levels of Organisation - Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism - Example: Atoms → Cells → Tissues → Heart → Cardiovascular System → Human ## Homeostasis - Definition: Stable internal environment - Negative feedback: Reverses change - Example: Body heat regulation via sweating ## Anatomical Terminology - Superior: Above - Inferior: Below - Anterior: Front - Posterior: Back - Medial: Towards midline - Lateral: Away from midline ## Major Body Systems - Cardiovascular: Transports blood - Respiratory: Gas exchange - Digestive: Nutrient absorption - Nervous: Communication/control - Endocrine: Hormonal regulation ## Four Major Tissue Types - Epithelial: Covers/lines - Connective: Supports/protects - Muscle: Movement - Nervous: Signals ## Cardiovascular System - Heart: 4 chambers - Blood flow: Body → Right heart → Lungs → Left heart → Body - Valves: Prevent backflow - SA node: Pacemaker - AV node: Signal delay ## Blood Components - RBCs: Oxygen transport - WBCs: Immune defense - Platelets: Clotting - Plasma: Transport medium ## Respiratory System - Pathway: Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Alveoli - Gas exchange: Alveoli - Diaphragm: Inhale = down, Exhale = up - Regulation: CO₂ levels ## Common Conditions - Hypertension: High blood pressure - Atherosclerosis: Plaque in arteries - Anaemia: Low oxygen capacity - Asthma: Narrowed airways - Pneumonia: Lung infection
# Anatomy and Physiology Cheat Sheet
## Basic Definitions
- Anatomy: Study of structure
- Physiology: Study of function
- Pathology: Study of disease
- Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes
## Levels of Organisation
- Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
- Example: Atoms → Cells → Tissues → Heart → Cardiovascular System → Human
## Homeostasis
- Definition: Stable internal environment
- Negative feedback: Reverses change
- Example: Body heat regulation via sweating
## Anatomical Terminology
- Superior: Above
- Inferior: Below
- Anterior: Front
- Posterior: Back
- Medial: Towards midline
- Lateral: Away from midline
## Major Body Systems
- Cardiovascular: Transports blood
- Respiratory: Gas exchange
- Digestive: Nutrient absorption
- Nervous: Communication/control
- Endocrine: Hormonal regulation
## Four Major Tissue Types
- Epithelial: Covers/lines
- Connective: Supports/protects
- Muscle: Movement
- Nervous: Signals
## Cardiovascular System
- Heart: 4 chambers
- Blood flow: Body → Right heart → Lungs → Left heart → Body
- Valves: Prevent backflow
- SA node: Pacemaker
- AV node: Signal delay
## Blood Components
- RBCs: Oxygen transport
- WBCs: Immune defense
- Platelets: Clotting
- Plasma: Transport medium
## Respiratory System
- Pathway: Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Alveoli
- Gas exchange: Alveoli
- Diaphragm: Inhale = down, Exhale = up
- Regulation: CO₂ levels
## Common Conditions
- Hypertension: High blood pressure
- Atherosclerosis: Plaque in arteries
- Anaemia: Low oxygen capacity
- Asthma: Narrowed airways
- Pneumonia: Lung infection
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This course covers the foundational aspects of human anatomy and physiology, exploring the structure, function, and balance of body systems. Students will learn to navigate body architecture using directional terms, compare various tissues, and understand cardiovascular flow. Additionally, the course connects respiratory processes to clinical conditions, detailing airflow, gas exchange, and the role of the diaphragm, while recognizing common health issues such as hypertension, asthma, and...