The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket synovial joint that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It is formed between the head of the humerus (the ball) and the glenoid cavity of the scapula (the socket).

Key :

Highly mobile: Allows a wide range of motion including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

Stability vs. Mobility: While it is the most mobile joint in the body, it is relatively unstable and relies heavily on surrounding muscles, ligaments, and the joint capsule for stability.

Components:

Bones: Humerus, scapula, and clavicle.

Muscles: Especially the rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) that stabilize the joint.

Ligaments and Capsule: Reinforce the joint and limit excessive motion.

Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs (like the subacromial bursa) that reduce friction.

Clinical Relevance:

Due to its complexity and mobility, the shoulder joint is prone to dislocations, rotator cuff injuries, and impingement syndromes.

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tomy or common disorders.

Biomechanics of shoulder joint / Analysis