Create a concise technical/research presentation titled: **“High Torque Density PCB Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor for Micro Robots”** Target audience: M.Tech/PhD students, researchers, and faculty in electrical machines, robotics, and power electronics. Create ~15 slides with a clean academic/research style—not a business presentation. Use minimal text, technical diagrams, motor cross-sections, torque/thermal illustrations, equations, and highlighted numerical values. **Storyline:** 1. **Title** * Paper title * Authors: Jianren Wang et al. * IEEE ECCE 2025 2. **Conventional Robotic Joint Actuation** * Motor + high-ratio gearbox → robotic joint * Why high gear ratios are used 3. **Problems with High Gear Ratios** * Backlash, friction, poor backdrivability * Reflected inertia, poor torque transparency * Weight, size, and mechanical complexity * Explain impact on dynamic robots 4. **Quasi-Direct Drive (QDD)** * Very low gear ratio, typically ~1:1–10:1 depending on application * Compare conventional drive vs QDD * Emphasize backdrivability, torque transparency, low reflected inertia, dynamic response 5. **Challenge of QDD** * Lower gear ratio shifts torque demand to the motor * High-ratio gearbox → lower motor torque * QDD → much higher motor torque * Therefore: **high torque density is required** 6. **Why AFPM Motors?** * Large effective radius * Disc-shaped geometry * Short axial length * High torque density * Excellent robotic-joint packaging * Compare AFPM with radial-flux geometry 7. **AFPM Operation — Simple** * PM rotor + current-carrying stator * Magnetic interaction produces tangential force and torque * Show cross-section * **T = F × r** 8. **QDD Torque Requirements** * Introduce **continuous torque** and **stall/peak torque** * Robots often require high torque at low or zero speed 9. **Continuous Torque** * Sustained torque without exceeding thermal limits * **Pcu = I²R** * Higher torque → higher current → higher copper loss → higher temperature 10. **Stall Torque** * Rotor speed = 0: **ω = 0** * Mechanical power: **Pmech = Tω = 0** * Copper losses continue: **Pcu = I²R** * Rapid heating can limit stall torque * Clearly distinguish stall torque from short-duration peak torque 11. **Why Torque at Standstill Matters** * Standing, holding payloads, posture control * Robotic arms supporting loads * Resisting external forces * Leg acceleration * Connect directly to QDD operation 12. **Thermal Challenge** * High torque → high current → I²R heating * Heat generation vs heat removal * Show winding/stator thermal path * Explain why thermal management determines continuous/stall capability Use consistent terminology, readable equations, realistic motor diagrams, and avoid excessive bullet text.