Create slides illustrating the mechanism of action of each therapeutic modality listed below except for small molecules and monoclonal antibodies (one slide per modality): Small Molecules Low-MW chemical compounds, often oral; access intracellular targets (e.g., kinase inhibitors, statins) Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) Engineered antigen-specific immunoglobulins; largest biologic class (chimeric, humanized, human) Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) mAb + cytotoxic payload for targeted delivery Bispecific Antibodies / T-Cell Engagers Dual-targeting formats (e.g., BiTEs) redirecting immune effectors Engineered / Recombinant Proteins & Peptides Fusion proteins, enzyme/protein replacement, hormones, therapeutic peptides Oligonucleotide / Nucleic-Acid Therapeutics Antisense oligonucleotides (nusinersen, eteplirsen) siRNA / RNAi (patisiran, inclisiran, givosiran) Aptamers (pegaptanib, avacincaptad pegol) mRNA therapeutics (mRNA vaccines) Cell-Based Therapies CAR-T / engineered immune cells (CAR-NK, TCR-T) — "living drugs" Hematopoietic / mesenchymal stem cells, regenerative products Gene Therapies Gene addition, replacement, silencing, or editing Viral (AAV, lentivirus) or non-viral (LNP) delivery; in vivo or ex vivo; CRISPR editing
Create slides illustrating the mechanism of action of each therapeutic modality listed below except for small molecules and monoclonal antibodies (one slide per modality): Small Molecules
Low-MW chemical compounds, often oral; access intracellular targets (e.g., kinase inhibitors, statins)
Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
Engineered antigen-specific immunoglobulins; largest biologic class (chimeric, humanized, human)
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
mAb + cytotoxic payload for targeted delivery
Bispecific Antibodies / T-Cell Engagers
Dual-targeting formats (e.g., BiTEs) redirecting immune effectors
Engineered / Recombinant Proteins & Peptides
Fusion proteins, enzyme/protein replacement, hormones, therapeutic peptides
Oligonucleotide / Nucleic-Acid Therapeutics
Antisense oligonucleotides (nusinersen, eteplirsen)
siRNA / RNAi (patisiran, inclisiran, givosiran)
Aptamers (pegaptanib, avacincaptad pegol)
mRNA therapeutics (mRNA vaccines)
Cell-Based Therapies
CAR-T / engineered immune cells (CAR-NK, TCR-T) — "living drugs"
Hematopoietic / mesenchymal stem cells, regenerative products
Gene Therapies
Gene addition, replacement, silencing, or editing
Viral (AAV, lentivirus) or non-viral (LNP) delivery; in vivo or ex vivo; CRISPR editing
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This overview highlights advancements in targeted biologic delivery, emphasizing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies for enhanced therapeutic specificity. It also explores programmable molecular therapeutics, showcasing proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides that modulate biological functions, with examples like nusinersen and mRNA vaccines. Additionally, it discusses living and genetic medicines, focusing on cell and gene therapies that engineer living drugs and...