Immune checkpoint pathways in cancer / Case Study

Immune checkpoints play a crucial role in regulating immunity and are exploited by cancers to evade immune responses. Key molecules like PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 influence this process, leading to T-cell exhaustion and immune escape. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) counter these mechanisms, improving survival rates in various cancers. Despite their success, challenges such as resistance and tumour microenvironment barriers persist. Innovative strategies, including combination therapies and...