## Introduction Good morning, everyone. Today, I will be discussing **preoperative and postoperative management**, two essential components of surgical care that extend far beyond the operation itself. Surgery places significant physiological stress on the patient. Therefore, successful surgical care does not begin when the first incision is made, nor does it end when the operation is completed. It begins with **careful assessment and optimization before surgery**, continues with appropriate management during the perioperative period, and extends into the postoperative period, where the goals are to support recovery, prevent complications, and recognize adverse events as early as possible. **Preoperative management** focuses primarily on determining whether the patient is adequately prepared for the physiological stress of surgery. This involves taking a thorough history, performing a physical examination, assessing functional capacity and perioperative risk, identifying and optimizing comorbidities, selecting appropriate investigations, and managing medications and other factors that may influence the surgical outcome. Once surgery has been completed, the focus shifts to **postoperative management**. At this stage, the clinician must support the patient's return to baseline health while continuously monitoring for complications such as respiratory and cardiovascular problems, hemorrhage, infection, venous thromboembolism, acute kidney injury, ileus, urinary retention, and wound complications. Importantly, these two stages are closely connected. **Good preoperative preparation reduces preventable perioperative risk, while effective postoperative monitoring and early intervention reduce the consequences of complications.** Therefore, in this presentation, I will discuss the management of the surgical patient in a systematic way, beginning with **preoperative assessment and optimization**, followed by **immediate postoperative care, prevention of complications, recognition and management of common postoperative complications, and finally discharge planning and follow-up**. ## Preoperative Management: Approach Before evaluating individual organ systems or ordering investigations, the clinician should approach the surgical patient systematically. The first step is to **confirm the planned procedure and its indication** and determine the **risk associated with the proposed surgery**. Next, the patient's **overall health and perioperative risk** are assessed through a thorough history, physical examination, assessment of functional capacity, and identification of relevant comorbidities and risk factors. The clinician then determines whether the patient is **medically optimized for the physiological stress of surgery**. Reversible risk factors and uncontrolled medical conditions should be addressed whenever possible, and specialist consultation may be required in patients with advanced or complex disease. Based on the combination of **patient-related ri
## Introduction Good morning, everyone. Today, I will be discussing **preoperative and postoperative management**, two essential components of surgical care that extend far beyond the operation itself. Surgery places significant physiological stress on the patient. Therefore, successful surgical care does not begin when the first incision is made, nor does it end when the operation is completed. It begins with **careful assessment and optimization before surgery**, continues with appropriate management during the perioperative period, and extends into the postoperative period, where the goals are to support recovery, prevent complications, and recognize adverse events as early as possible. **Preoperative management** focuses primarily on determining whether the patient is adequately prepared for the physiological stress of surgery. This involves taking a thorough history, performing a physical examination, assessing functional capacity and perioperative risk, identifying and optimizing comorbidities, selecting appropriate investigations, and managing medications and other factors that may influence the surgical outcome. Once surgery has been completed, the focus shifts to **postoperative management**. At this stage, the clinician must support the patient's return to baseline health while continuously monitoring for complications such as respiratory and cardiovascular problems, hemorrhage, infection, venous thromboembolism, acute kidney injury, ileus, urinary retention, and wound complications. Importantly, these two stages are closely connected. **Good preoperative preparation reduces preventable perioperative risk, while effective postoperative monitoring and early intervention reduce the consequences of complications.** Therefore, in this presentation, I will discuss the management of the surgical patient in a systematic way, beginning with **preoperative assessment and optimization**, followed by **immediate postoperative care, prevention of complications, recognition and management of common postoperative complications, and finally discharge planning and follow-up**. ## Preoperative Management: Approach Before evaluating individual organ systems or ordering investigations, the clinician should approach the surgical patient systematically. The first step is to **confirm the planned procedure and its indication** and determine the **risk associated with the proposed surgery**. Next, the patient's **overall health and perioperative risk** are assessed through a thorough history, physical examination, assessment of functional capacity, and identification of relevant comorbidities and risk factors. The clinician then determines whether the patient is **medically optimized for the physiological stress of surgery**. Reversible risk factors and uncontrolled medical conditions should be addressed whenever possible, and specialist consultation may be required in patients with advanced or complex disease. Based on the combination of **patient-related ri
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This guide outlines essential phases of surgical care, starting with preoperative assessment to confirm procedures and optimize patient health. It emphasizes immediate postoperative care, focusing on stabilizing vital functions and monitoring for complications. Finally, it highlights the importance of recognizing complications, managing recovery, and ensuring proper discharge planning with patient education and follow-up.