Biases in Oceanographic Data from the EN4 Dataset 📊🌊

The study leverages the EN4 dataset (1992–2017) with 2,545,269 profiles sourced from Argo (59.8%), CTD (28.6%), and MEOP (11.6%), highlighting spatial-temporal coverage. Analysis explores profile density variability and spatial distribution, noting MEOP's concentration in polar regions and Argo's gaps in Arctic zones. Sampling bias is quantified using ECCO comparisons, with MEOP recording the highest bias (+13.87 m/decade). Visual tools illustrate trend divergences, emphasising the impact of...