The Holocaust: A Historical Examination A presentation using primary source materials Timeline of Key Events 1933-1945 January 30, 1933 - Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany September 15, 1935 - Nuremberg Laws enacted November 9-10, 1938 - Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) September 1, 1939 - Germany invades Poland; WWII begins January 20, 1942 - Wannsee Conference 1942-1944 - Height of deportations and mass murder January 27, 1945 - Soviet forces liberate Auschwitz May 8, 1945 - Germany surrenders; VE Day Source: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Pre-War Jewish Life in Europe Before 1933, approximately 9.5 million Jews lived in Europe [IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Historical photograph of a bustling Jewish market street in pre-war Poland, showing shops with Yiddish signs, vendors, and daily community life] Jewish communities thrived across Europe with rich cultural, religious, and economic traditions spanning centuries. Photo source: USHMM, courtesy of Yad Vashem Rise of Nazi Power Hitler and the Nazi Party, 1933 [IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Photograph of massive Nazi rally at Nuremberg, showing thousands of uniformed troops in formation and Nazi banners] The Nazi Party used propaganda, mass rallies, and political manipulation to consolidate power after Hitler became Chancellor. Photo source: USHMM Legal Persecution Begins The Nuremberg Laws, 1935 [IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Document showing the official Nuremberg Laws text in German with Nazi eagle seal] These laws: Stripped Jews of German citizenship Prohibited marriage between Jews and non-Jews Defined who was considered Jewish by ancestry Began systematic legal discrimination Document source: Yad Vashem Archives Kristallnacht November 9-10, 1938 [IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Photograph of destroyed Jewish shop with shattered storefront windows and debris on the street, with onlookers visible] "The Night of Broken Glass" - coordinated attacks throughout Germany and Austria destroyed synagogues, businesses, and homes. Over 30,000 Jewish men were arrested. Photo source: USHMM A Synagogue Burns Kristallnacht, 1938 [IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Photograph of a large synagogue engulfed in flames while firefighters and crowds watch] Over 1,000 synagogues were destroyed. Firefighters were ordered to let Jewish buildings burn while protecting adjacent "Aryan" properties. Photo source: Yad Vashem Forced Identification The Yellow Star [IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Photograph of an elderly Jewish man wearing a coat with a large yellow Star of David badge marked "Jude"] From 1939-1941, Jews in occupied territories were forced to wear identifying badges, making them targets for humiliation and violence. Photo source: USHMM Ghettoization Map of Major Ghettos in Occupied Poland [IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Historical map showing locations of major ghettos including Warsaw, Lodz, Krakow, Lublin, and others across occupied Polish territory] Nazis forced Jews into overcrowded, sealed-off areas of cities. The largest ghettos were in War